While similar to the bull lyre in size, the thick lyre did not contain the head of an animal, but did depict images of animals on the arms or yoke of the instrument. These strings were held on a larger 'box-bridge' than the other type of eastern lyres, and the sound hole of the instrument was cut in the body of the lyre behind the box-bridge. The thick lyre is distinguished by a thicker sound box which allowed for the inclusion of more strings. Thick lyres are a type of flat-based eastern lyre that comes from Egypt (2000–100 BCE) and Anatolia (c1600 BCE). However, older pictorial evidence of bull lyres exist in other parts of Mesopotamia and Elam, including Susa. The lyres of Ur, are bull lyres excavated in ancient Mesopotamia (modern Iraq), which date to 2500 BC and are considered to be the world's oldest surviving stringed instruments. Bull lyres īull lyres are a type of eastern lyre that have a flat base and bull's head on one side. Įastern lyres are divided into four main types: bull lyres, thick lyres, thin lyres and giant lyres. 330 BCE) what was once a clearly divided use of flat-based lyres in the East and round-based lyres in the West had disappeared, as trade routes between the East and the West dispersed both kinds of instruments across more geographic regions. While flat-based lyres originated in the East, they were also later found in the West after 700 BCE. They are the oldest lyres with iconographical evidence of their existence, such as depictions of the eastern lyre on pottery, dating back to 2700 B.C.E. The eastern lyres all contain sound boxes with flat bases. 2500 BCĮastern lyres, also known as flat-based lyres, are lyres which originated in the Fertile Crescent ( Mesoptamia) in what is present day Syria, Anatolia, the Levant and Egypt. Eastern lyres A lyre from Ancient Egypt, found in Thebes A bull lyrist on the Standard of Ur, c. Lyres from the ancient world are divided by scholars into two separate groups, the eastern lyres and the western lyres, which are defined by patterns of geography and chronology. There is evidence of the development of many forms of lyres from the period 2700 B.C.E through 700 B.C.E. In organology, a lyre is considered a yoke lute, since it is a lute in which the strings are attached to a yoke that lies in the same plane as the sound table, and consists of two arms and a crossbar. Hornbostel–Sachs divide lyres into two groups Bowl lyres ( 321.21), Box lyres ( 321.22). Hornbostel–Sachs classifies the lyre as a member of the lute-family of instruments which is one of the families under the chordophone classification of instruments. Classification The Mycenaean sarcophagus of Hagia Triada, 14th century BC, depicting the earliest lyre with seven strings, held by a man with long robe, third from the left. The English word comes via Latin from the Greek. In classical Greek, the word "lyre" could either refer specifically to an amateur instrument, which is a smaller version of the professional cithara and eastern- Aegean barbiton, or "lyre" can refer generally to all three instruments as a family. The earliest reference to the word "lyre" is the Mycenaean Greek ru-ra-ta-e, meaning "lyrists" and written in the Linear B script. A Roman fresco from Pompeii, 1st century AD, depicting a man in a theatre mask and a woman wearing a garland while playing a lyre Etymology This lyre served as the origin of the European lyre known as the Germanic lyre or rotte that was widely used in north-western Europe from pre-Christian to medieval times. 1700-1400 B.C.E., and then later spread throughout the Roman Empire. The round lyre, called so for its rounded base, reappeared centuries later in ancient Greece c. The round lyre or the Western lyre also originated in Syria and Anatolia, but was not as widely used and eventually died out in the east c. They have been found at archaeological sites in Egypt, Syria, Anatolia, and the Levant. The oldest lyres from the Fertile Crescent are known as the eastern lyres and are distinguished from other ancient lyres by their flat base. The earliest known examples of the lyre have been recovered at archeological sites that date to c. Lyres were used in several ancient cultures surrounding the Mediterranean Sea. The lyre has its origins in ancient history. The lyre ( / ˈ l aɪər/) is a stringed musical instrument that is classified by Hornbostel–Sachs as a member of the lute-family of instruments. (Composite chordophone sounded with a plectrum) Greek vase with muse playing the phorminx, a type of lyre
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